It is important to qualify that it is not the case that the science just reviewed triumphed over older moral views in changing cultural attitudes to the greater tolerance or acceptance we have today. Campaigns for gay rights occurred during at least three distinct periods in the twentieth century (c. 1920s, 1950s, and 1970s), which were met with derision the first two times. The third time, with essentially the same arguments, the campaign resonated with cultural shifts occurring, including ascendancy of the new congenial ideology of sexual self-determination over the older one of community interests, values, and morals. What the newly created tolerance for homosexuality did was to legitimize studying it outside the moral-pathology framework..., resulting in works that essentially comported with the new cultural attitude.