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NOTE: You may wish to open this in a separate tab -- I hate having to go back-and-forth within something just to read the footnotes/references! Notes to "The Paedophile Impulse: Toward the Development of an Etiology of Child-Adult Sexual Contacts from an Ethological and Ethnological Viewpoint" 1. An abridged version of this article was published as Der pädophile Impuls. Wie lernt der junge Mensch Sexualität?" in Liebe, Sexualitat und soziale Mythen (Der Monat neue Folge) 295, 1984, pp. 175-192. 2. Translated from the German by Dr. Hubert Kennedy. 3. A more extensive presentation of this connection is in Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, Homosexualität. Die Geschichte eines Vorurteils (Frankfurt/M., 1978), pp. 196ff. The traditional hatred of the body in our civilization goes back to the pre-Christian philosophers and thinkers of ancient Greece,3 4. In places in Jan van Ussel, Sexualunterdrückung (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1970). 5. Examples in Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, op. cit., pp. 196-228, 265ff. 6. J.J. Rousseau, Émile oder Über die Erziehung (Paderborn, 1978) pp. 9, 216ff. 7. See Frits Bernard, Pädophilie. Von der Liebe mit Kindern (Lollar, 1978), esp. pp. 53-4. 8. Statements on this in Hans Glese, "Das andere Geschlecht", in Hans Giese and V.E. v. Gebsattel, eds., Psychopathologie der Sexualität (Stuttgart, 1962), are probably still valid today, as numerous articles on the subject in the journal Sexualpädagogik show. 9. The much loved equation of human behaviour with that of rats ("rat-ology") of American psychologists in the animal-human comparisons of the 1950s is completely unsuited to a clarification of the present question, since these animals are much too distant from us in the scale of evolution. 10. Easily obtainable works on research into animal and human behaviour include the following, a number of which are not directly connected with the theme of this essay but which provide general background to the topic: (Ed. Note: Titles of English translations or originals, where known to us, are given after the German title; however, page references are for the German edition.) Geoffrey H. Bourne and Maury Cohen, Die sanften Riesen. Gorillas. Legende und Wirklichkeit. Ergebnisse de Verhaltensforschung (München, 1977), in English, The Gentle Giants: The Gorilla Story (New York, 1975); Stella Brewer, Die Affenschule. Neue Wege der Wildtielforschung (Wien/Hamburg, 1978); Vitus B. Drascher, Die freundliche Bestie. Neueste Forschungen über das Tier-Verhalten (Oldenberg/ Hamburg, 1968), in English, The Friendly Beasts (New York, 1971); Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Liebe und Hass. Zu Naturgeschichte elementarer Verhaltensweisen (München, 1971), in English, Love and Hate: the Natural History of Basic Behaviour Patterns (London, 1971); Alison Jolly, Die Entwicklung des Primatenverhaltens (Stuttgart, 1975), in English, The Evolution of Primate Behaviour (New York, 1972); G. Kurth and Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (eds.), Hominisation und Verhalten (Stuttgart, 1975); Jane van Lawick-Goodall, Wilde Schimpansen. 10 jahre Verhaltensforschung am Gombe-Strom (Reinbek bel Hamburg, 1975), in English, In the Shadow of Man (New York, 1971); Eugene Marals, Die Seele des Affen. Beobachtungen über das Verhalten unserer engsten Seelenverwandten (Esslingen, 1973), in English, The Soul of the Ape (New York, 1969); Paul Overhage, Der Affe in dir. Vom tierischen und menschlichen Verhalten (Frankfurt, 1972); George B. Schaller, Unsere nachsten Verwandten (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1968), in English, The Year of the Gorilla (London, 1965); Walter Baumgairtel, Unter Gorillas. Erlebnisse auf freier Wildbahn (Frankfurt, 1979); Grzimeks Tierleben, Säugetiere 1 (München, 1979), esp. chapters 20-22; Édouard L. Boné (Louvain-La Neuve publisher) "Hominisation in der Paleontologie", in Édouard L. Boné et al. (eds.), Aspekte der Hominisation (Freiburg/München, 1978). 11. Jolly, op. cit., summarizes the concept of "learning" on pp. 313 and 288E. Human beings are not the same as beasts, and the greater the nearness of the anthropoid apes to homo sapiens in the rank of evolution is presented, the more care is required in comparisons of this kind??? 12. Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, Das Sexualverhalten von Mensch und Tier (Berlin, 1960), p. 294ff., in English, Patterns of Sexual Behaviour (New York, 1951). In the human being pure instinctive behaviour is strongly reduced. Possibly, however, the degree of the remainder of instinct still present in each individual of our kind varies and is related besides to the domain of the instinct, so that much that in reality is perhaps a remainder of instinct appears, falsely, as something individual, through factors of social behaviour appropriate to personal socialization,12 13. Jolly, op. cit., pp. 217, 288-95. The importance of learning for primates depends on their form of life; unlike martens, bears or moles, for example, primates are not loners, but social beings, and practically everything they learn is learned through and from adult members of their group, or older siblings, or somewhat older members of their "peer group". Learning and the forming of a tradition tend always and necessarily to be bound up with one another; at first, no doubt, predominately those "customs " were continued that made survival easier. 14. Kurth and Eibl-Eibesfeldt, op. cit., p. 383; Peter Heintz, Vorurteile (Köln, 1957), p. 100; Theodore Newcomb, Sozialpsychologie (Meisenheim am Glan, 1957), p. 561: "Even nonexistent things, such as ghosts, for example, are in a social sense truly present for the members of every group that assumes their presence and are agreed on it." In English, Social Psychology, (New York, 1950). The enormous differences in the traditions that are found among human beings makes clear how manifold (and sometimes, from our modern standpoint, meaningless) are the traditions that have been handed down (such as the belief in local spirits, the power of ancestors, the danger of some special kind of sex, food tabus, etc.). In spite of their absurdity, however, such traditions are neither conscious deceptions of priests nor savage superstitions. Rather, every tradition acts in spite of its objective truth as social cement. The same mechanism holds for social prejudices.14 15. Jolly, op. cit., pp. 150, 168. 16. Ibid., pp. 115,118,122,143, 148, 151, 168ff. Primates become sexually mature at very different ages, according to how long-lived the respective species is on the average. Many young monkeys and anthropoid apes only a few days old already show forms of behaviour that appear to be derived from sexual ones, but which in that early stage of life obviously are not yet "meant" as sexual. Thus, for example, the exhibition of the penis (with an erection) is a display of power and in certain monkeys (Saimiri [Totenkopfäffchen, in German]), when they are babies, is to be classified as a playful imitation of the threatening gestures of adult males. 17. Ford and Beach, op. cit., pp. 294ff. 18. Ford and Beach, op. cit., pp. 293ff., Jolly, op. cit., pp.293ff; 112-134. 19. On the definition of the concept see Jolly, op. cit., pp. 1-5; monkeys and human beings belong to the primates. 20. H. Heckhausen, "Einflüsse auf die Motivationsgenese in Theo. Herman (ed.), Psychologie der Erziehungsstile (Göttingen, 1966). 21. Jolly, op. cit., pp. 112-134; Ford and Beach, op. cit., pp.293ff. 22. Jolly, op. cit., pp. 213, 172 and passim. 23. The error is stubbornly maintained; it is unscientific and ethnocentric. Different views prevail in the various research disciplines on just where the dividing line between beasts and human beings is to be drawn; at the latest, the beginning of culture is equated with the human domestication of fire, which Peking man already knew. For an in-depth study of the whole complex of the acquisition of culture see Ute Holzkamp-Osterkamp, Grundlagen der psychologischen Motivationsforschung, vols. 1-2 (Frankfurt/M., 1977, 1978); see also Volker Schurig, Naturgeschichte des Psychischen. Lernen und Abstraktionsleistungen bei Tieren (Frankfurt/M., 1975) and by the same author, Die Entstehung des Bewusstseins (Frankfurt/M., 1976). “The usual division between civilized and primitive peoples easily leads the uninitiated astray: it is self-evident that there are no human beings without culture”. 24. Ford and Beach, op. cit., pp. 213ff. 25. Ibid., pp. 211ff. 26. Ibid., pp. 203ff. 27. Examples in N.M. Penzer, The Ocean of Story, vol. III, Appendix II (London, 1925). 28. See my ethno-historical study Mannbarkeitsriten (Berlin, 1980) and the important work of Harald Patzer, "Die griechische Knabenliebe", in Sitzungsberichte d. wissenschaftl. Ges. an d. Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/M., vol. 18, nr. 1 (Wiesbaden, 1982). 29. See A. van Gennep, The Rites of Passage (Chicago, 1960). 30. Examples in my essay "Homosexualität und Transvestition im Schamanismus Anthropos 65 (1970), pp. 189ff; shocking descriptions from a more recent time are in Lawrence Durrell, Das Alexandria Quartett (Reinbek bei Hamburg,1977). 31. Examples in Robert Brain, Freunde und Liebende. Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen im Kulturvergleich (Frankfurt/M., 1978), p. 292ff., in English, Friends and Lovers, (New York, 1976). 32. Ford and Beach, op. cit., pp. 178ff, 213ff. 33. See the analysis of the behaviour of half-grown male chimpanzees in Jane van Lawick-Goodall (Jane Goodall) The Behaviour of the Chimpanzee, in Kurth and Eibl-Eibesfeldt, op. cit., p.110ff. 34. The connections between curiosity and sexual exploration of the self and others are probably -- as a result of the old sexual tabus -- largely unexplored. The important publication of Harry Fowler, Curiosity and Exploratory Behaviour (New York, 1985), treats the theme on pp. 74ff, with a few references to further reading in the literature; see also Jolly, op. cit., pp.282ff. 35. See Kurth and Eibl-Eibesfeldt, op. cit., pp. 14ff, Jolly, op. cit., pp. 123ff, 146; for gorillas there was probably, after a period in which both tree and savannah living was usual and the importance of visual observations increased, a forced withdrawal into the forest that was caused by the more intelligent prehominids that have died out in the meantime. Although gorillas in captivity readily eat the same things as chimpanzees, in freedom they only eat twenty different kinds of plants, whereas the feeding repertoire of the chimpanzee includes more than two hundred sources: curiosity promotes discoveries that make life easier. 36. One can no longer speak today with a good scientific conscience of purely instinctual nurturing behaviour in mammals; this is admissible, however, in birds and reptiles, as well as species that are below them on the evolutionary scale. 37. Examples in Grzimeks Tierleben, vol. 1, Säugetiere, p. 533. 38. Jolly, op. cit., pp. 185-88, 194. 39. For a definition of the concept see Peter Meyer, Taschenlexikon der Verhaltenskunde (Paderborn, 1976), p. 104: "Childish contours and proportions of the skull arouse euphoria, caressing or nurturing behaviour in human beings (Schlüsselreiz) 51 ; "Childish contours and proportions (especially of the face) and in a wider sense also childish sounds and movements of individuals of the same or a different species, which arouse the nurturing drive of adults." 40. Jolly, op. cit., pp. 121, 157; Ford and Beach, op. cit., pp. 293ff. 41. On this concept, see Werner Fuchs (ed.), Lexikon zur Soziologie (Opladen, 1973), p. 38: "The breakdown of cultural order in the form of a split in the culturally given goals and values on the one hand and the socially allowed possibility of reaching these goals on the other. The situation of anomaly exerts in the individual a pressure toward deviant behaviour and is overcome through the various forms of adjustment according to the recognition or rejection of the cultural goals and values or the means allowed." (Defined following R.K. Merton, who has been especially concerned with the anomalous situation of marginal social groups.) 42. See Uwe Kroll, "Objekt meiner Sehnsucht", Zitty, nr. 26 (Berlin, 1979), reprinted in Joachim S. Hohmann (ed.) Pädophilie heute (Frankfurt/Berlin, 1980), pp. 155E. It is also significant in this connection that paedophiles only experience sexually stimulating pictures of young persons as attractive if the faces of those pictured appear "happy" or "beaming". 43. On the connection between the development of the brain in human beings and the -- at least partial -- "liberation of the higher (i.e., later developed) parts of the brain from the tyranny of the brain stem and midbrain see the excellent newer research interpretations of Gordon Rattray Taylor, Die Geburt des Geistes (Frankfurt/M., 1982), in English, The Natural History of the Mind (New York, 1981), and Karl R. Popper and John C. Eccles, Das Ich und sein Gehirn (München/Zürich, 1982), in English, The Self and Its Brain (New York, 1977). 44. Here may be mentioned the works of Dr. Frits Bernard and Dr. Edward Brongersma, as well as the research by Michael Baurmann. Newer works from abroad may also be named: Theo Sandfort, Sexual Aspect of Paedophile Relations (Amsterdam, 1982) and Boys on their Contacts with Men (New York and Amsterdam, 1987); L.L. Constantine and Floyd Martinson, Children and Sex: New Findings, New Perspectives (Boston, 1981). 45. Edward Brongersma, "Die Rechtsposition des Pädophilen", Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 63, nr. 2 (1980). See, for example, the presentation in the psychiatric textbook, Jörg Weitbrecht, Psychiatrie im Grundriss (Berlin/Gottingen/Heidelberg, 1983) where, on pp. 143, paedophilia, homosexuality, bisexuality, exhibitionism, voyeurism and other "perversions" are still traced back to "defective maturation from so-called constitutional reasons or through exogenous, environmental impressions and hindrances to maturity, or both together. " And an entirely new vocabulary has recently been created in the U.S.A. for that behaviour which is designated by us in the Federal Republic of Germany as “sexually deviant,” namely "paraphilia", defined by Dr. John Money as "anerotic" sexual syndrome in which a person is reiteratively responsive to and dependent on atypical or forbidden stimulus imagery, in fantasy or in practice, for initiation and maintenance of erotic-sexual arousal and achievement or facilitation of orgasm" (quoted in Pan, nr.12 [Amsterdam, 1982], p. 44-5). Having such "atypical" and/or “forbidden” thoughts is suggested to be identical with sickness ("syndrome"): here the “moral insanity" of the 18th and 19th centuries celebrates a shocking resurrection. M. Good idea, huh? My post: https://www.boychat.org/messages/1635944.htm |